Patient Resources

At Peripheral Vascular and Vein Solutions,

We are dedicated to providing
personalized and comprehensive
care to our patients.

Our team of vascular surgeons and physicians will work closely with you to diagnose, treat, and manage a wide range of vascular conditions. We believe that informed patients are better able to make decisions about their health, so we make sure to provide you with all the information you need to understand your condition and the treatment options available to you.

We understand finding the right expert for complex vascular conditions can be daunting. That’s why we’ve created an online portal where patients can receive consultations from top specialists, get personalized referrals, and access a wealth of educational resources, all from the comfort of their home. From your first consultation to your follow-up appointments, we are committed to providing you with the highest quality of care and the most up-to-date medical and surgical techniques.

Conditions

Peripheral Artery Disease

Varicose Veins

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Your Vascular
Health is our Expertise

We offer a comprehensive range of vascular services to address a
wide variety of conditions, including:

Peripheral Artery Disease

Varicose
Veins

Deep Venous
Thrombosis

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Wound Care

Vascular Access

Aortic Aneurysms

Carotid Artery Disease

Renal Artery
Disease

Mesenteric Artery Disease

Thoracic Outlet
Syndrome

Prediabetes

Medical Tests

Duplex Ultrasound

Computed Tomography(CT) Scan

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Angiography

Blood Tests

Cardiac MRI

Nuclear imaging

Cardiac catheterisation

Glossary

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)

Ballooning of the aorta, the major blood vessel in the body, in the belly. Rupture, or bursting, of the aneurysm is a life-threatening condition.

The aorta is a major blood vessel that runs from your heart through the central part of your chest and abdomen. It is the main supply route of blood to your body. An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) occurs when a part of the aorta widens or becomes significantly enlarged (bulging) in the abdominal area. Once diagnosed, doctors will monitor it very closely. A ruptured aneurysm can cause bleeding that may be life threatening. The larger the aneurysm, the higher the risk of it rupturing. Fortunately, enlarged aneurysms can be repaired, the sooner the better.

Causes of AAA

While the exact cause is not known, AAA is believed to occur due to weakening of the aortic walls. Here are some factors that can increase the risk of having an abdominal aortic aneurysm:

High blood pressure
Smoking
High cholesterol
Other heart diseases or blood vessel related problems
Being overweight
Abdominal trauma
Family history of aneurysms

AAAs are typically seen in individuals who are over 50, more frequently in men rather than women, and individuals that have genetic or other risk factors. A majority of these aneurysms occur below the kidneys. In 2013, aortic aneurysms were said to have resulted in 152,000 deaths.

Signs and Symptoms of AAA

Abdominal aortic aneurysms often present no symptoms and can develop slowly for years without the affected individual being aware of the progressive condition. Symptoms may only manifest if the aneurysm grows rapidly or causes a tear or rupture.

Some signs of an AAA include:

Severe, sudden or persistent pain in the abdomen or back that may spread to legs, buttocks or groin
Dizziness, nausea and vomiting
Rapid heart rate
Sweating
Shock or losing consciousness

Slow growing or small aneurysms that are less than 6cms in size have a lower risk of rupture when compared to the larger, fast growing ones that are more than 7cms.

AAA Diagnosis

If your doctor suspects that you have an abdominal aortic aneurism, he/she will examine your abdomen and check the pulse in your legs. You will then be referred for further testing which may involve an abdominal CT scan, ultrasound, MRI and/or computerized tomography (CT). This will confirm whether you have an AAA as well as the location and size of the aneurism. Patients that also experience chest pains may be told to have a chest x-ray and/or electrocardiogram (also known as an ECG or EKG) as well.

According to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, men in the age group of 65–75 years who have a history of smoking should get an ultrasound screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms, even if they have no symptoms.

How is Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Treated?

If you are bleeding because of AAA rupture, you will be scheduled for immediate surgery. Surgery is of two types—open repair where the abnormal part of the aorta is replaced with a man-made graft, or endovascular stent graphing which is a newer and less invasive form of surgery. Surgical repair may also be performed if your aneurism is large and the risk of it rupturing is high. Slow-growing or small aneurisms are usually monitored with the help of regular scans.

Treating high blood pressure and cholesterol, and maintaining optimal weight can help in the prevention of AAA among high-risk patients.

Our team at Mile High Vascular can help detect if you or a loved one is suffering from an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Using advanced technologies and our team’s extensive experience with treating simple and chronic AAA, we can help effectively manage your condition. We are committed to providing a high level of preventative care and treatments to our patients.

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

A sudden narrowing of the arteries that feed the heart, which causes chest pain. The most serious outcome of ACS is a heart attack.

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) – What Is It?

ACS occurs when there is a sudden narrowing of the arteries that feed the heart. The narrowing may cause chest pain and, in the most serious cases, result in a heart attack. ACS is the umbrella term used for conditions like a heart attack or unstable angina, all of which are caused by the heart’s blood supply being blocked.

It is a very serious medical emergency. The block may be complete, fully obstructing blood flow, or may clot, break open and clot again, disrupting but not fully blocking the artery. The term is not commonly used among patients, who would hear the condition referred to in more simple terms such as “heart attack.”

What Causes ACS?

There are many factors that contribute to causing acute coronary syndrome. Causes are similar to heart failure and stroke, and people who smoke, are physically inactive, overweight or obese are at a higher risk for developing ACS. Additionally, those with diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and/or a family history of heart disease are more likely to develop complications. Your physician can help determine your personal risk level.

Symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome

If you suddenly experience any of the following symptoms, you may be suffering from ACS. Take these warning signs seriously and call 9-1-1 immediately:

Chest pain or pressure that feels tight or full
Discomfort or pain in the jaw, neck, back, stomach or one or both arms
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Shortness of breath
Nausea
Sweating

The symptoms may come on suddenly, as is the case with a heart attack. They may also become unpredictable and worse with rest, as is the case with unstable angina. No matter what, seek urgent medical attention if you experience any combination of these symptoms.

How is ACS Diagnosed?

Acute coronary syndrome can be diagnosed by a doctor after performing a physical examination and gaining a thorough understanding of a patient’s medical history. The doctor may perform a blood test which can reveal if heart cells are dying, or an electrocardiogram (also known as an ECG or EKG) to determine the electrical activity of the heart.

If doctors discover a block, they will work as quickly as possible to re-open the artery. The longer the artery is blocked, the more myocardium (heart muscle) will be lost. The best recovery results are experienced when patients receive treatment within four hours of showing symptoms. For this reason, seeking treatment quickly is crucial.

How ACS is Treated

Treatment for ACS may include medicines and a procedure known as angioplasty, where a small balloon is inflated to open the artery. A wire mesh tube, known as a stent, may be placed in the artery to permanently keep it open. If a hospital is not able to perform angioplasty in a timely manner, drugs that can dissolve the blood clots may be administered.

Mile High Vascular can help determine if you or a loved one is at risk or suffering from acute coronary syndrome. Using the latest technology, our experienced team can accurately and quickly diagnose and treat patients. We take pride in providing a high level of preventative care and treatment services.

Angiogram

A minimally invasive procedure performed using wires, catheters and x-ray to diagnose and treat problems in blood vessels.

What Is an Angiogram?

Angiograms are x-ray diagnostic tests that use a specialized dye and fluoroscope to take pictures of blood flow inside an artery or vein. These tests are used to look at the arteries and veins inside the hands, head, arms, legs, chest, back, and stomach.

Angiograms can also look at the arteries next to the heart, lungs, brain, neck and aorta.

How an Angiogram Procedure Works

During the angiogram, a catheter is placed into the blood vessel inside the groin or above the elbow. This catheter is then guided toward the area that needs to be studied. Once it arrives at its destination, a dye (known as contrast material) is injected into that vessel so that the area is illuminated clearly on the x-ray.

A properly conducted angiogram can uncover bulges in blood vessels (aneurysms), show blockages, reveal whether a coronary artery disease is present, and throw light on the extent of that disease.

During the angiogram procedure, you will be lying on your back on an x-ray table. You may have a strap used to keep your body still during the procedure and a lead apron may be placed around your genitals or pelvic region to protect from x-ray exposure.

The entire process can take one to three hours.

Why Angiograms are Performed?

The reasons an angiogram are ordered can vary, but most commonly they are ordered to:

Detect issues within the vessels and arteries that are affecting blood flow
Identify changes inside vessels and arteries due to injury or damage
Look at the pattern of blood flow for a tumor
Show the number, location and condition of the renal arteries before a transplant
Find the source of a bleed, such as in the case of an ulcer
Prepare a patient for surgery on the blood vessels of the legs, such as those suffering from peripheral arterial disease
Determine how severe atherosclerosis is in a case of coronary artery disease

Typically, angiogram results are received the same day the procedure is performed and they will either be ruled as “normal” or “abnormal.” When a test comes back abnormal, it could mean that blood vessels are not in the proper position, a narrowing was detected, a bulge was detected, the dye leaked (indicating a hole) or there is an abnormality in the pattern of vessels.

Depending on your current health, your specialist may order additional tests to further conclude the findings of the angiogram, including an MRA, CT scan or blood tests.

Angioplasty

Using a balloon during a minimally invasive procedure to open narrowings and blockages in blood vessels.

Angioplasty is a non-surgical procedure used to treat heart disease by unblocking arteries in the heart and restoring normal blood flow. During this minimally invasive procedure, a thin plastic tube called a catheter is inserted into the arm or groin and navigated through the blood vessels to the blockage in the heart artery. Once a blockage is reached, one of the following interventional angioplasty procedures is performed:

Balloon Angioplasty

A catheter with a small balloon tip is guided to the location where your artery is narrowed or blocked. Once positioned, the balloon is inflated to compress the plaque against the wall of your artery. As the artery wall is compressed, it stretches and the artery opens to increase the flow of blood to the heart.

Stent Placement

A small metal mesh tube called a stent is inserted into the narrowed artery to act as a scaffold to support the inner parts of your coronary artery. Once positioned, the balloon is inflated and the stent expands the artery and holds it open. To reduce the risk of restenosis or blocking again, your doctor may use a drug-eluting stent (a stent that contains medicine) to prevent the formation of scar tissue in the artery.

Cutting Balloon

A specially designed catheter with a balloon tip and small cutting blades is used to score the plaque on the artery wall and compress the plaque against the walls of the artery.

Preparing for an Angioplasty

Before the scheduled angioplasty procedure, your doctor will review your medical history, prescribed medications, and history of allergic reactions. Routine blood tests and an electrocardiogram will also be performed. You must refrain from eating and drinking for six to eight hours before the procedure. Follow your doctor’s instructions and take all medications.

What to Expect During an Angioplasty

The first step of angioplasty is called cardiac catheterization. You will receive medication for relaxation and a local anesthesia to numb the area where the catheter will be inserted. A thin plastic tube called a sheath is inserted into an artery, either in the groin or the arm. Then a long, narrow, and hollow tube known as a catheter is passed through the sheath, up the blood vessels to the arteries around the heart. Contrast material is injected through the catheter and then digital images are produced of the flow of the material through the heart chambers and major vessels. If your arteries appear narrow or blocked, the doctor will proceed with interventional angioplasty steps. Angioplasty can take half an hour to several hours depending on the number of blockages and whether complications arise.

What to Expect After an Angioplasty

After the procedure, you must rest until the artery where the sheath was inserted has sufficiently healed; usually a couple of hours. If your angioplasty included placement of a stent, you will need to take medication to reduce the chance of a blood clot. You may feel weak and tired after the procedure; rest for a few days and then gradually increase your activities. You will be able to resume your normal routine or return to work a week after angioplasty.

Specific aftercare orders will be provided by your doctor, but most aftercare instructions will include:

Drink lots of fluid to help flush the contrast material from your body.
Wash the catheter insertion area with soap and clean water at least once a day and keep the area dry if you are not taking a shower.
Avoid ointment, lotions, and creams on the wound area and put on loose clothes.
Ensure you do not strain during bowel movements a few days after the procedure to avoid any bleeding from the catheter insertion area.
Avoid any strenuous activity for at least two days after the procedure.

Risk Factors for Angioplasty

As with any procedure, there are risks involved with angioplasty. These could include:

Bleeding or bruising under the skin at the catheter insertion site.
Allergic reaction to the contrast material or the dye used during the procedure.
Blood clot near the newly implanted stent.

Contact Your Vascular Expert

Call your vascular expert if you have any concerns or questions regarding your treatment. If you experience any of the following, contact your vein expert right away:

Bleeding
Swelling
Signs of infection
Chest pain
Shortness of breath

Atherosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries throughout the body and leads to narrowing and blockages of the arteries. Its major risk factors are smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.

Atherosclerosis – What Is It?

The arteries throughout the body harden, leading to blockages and narrowing of the arteries. The process happens gradually and disrupts blood flow, causing heart disease.

What Causes Atherosclerosis?

Atherosclerosis is not caused by a single factor but occurs over time as the lining of the arteries, called endothelium, becomes damaged. Cholesterol, known as LDL, fat, and calcium become caught where damage has occurred, creating a buildup of plaque. Over time, this buildup hardens and can obstruct the artery and limit blood flow. Risk is increased most dramatically by smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes.

Problems Associated with Atherosclerosis

The plaque buildup and narrowing arteries may be responsible for causing the following types of cardiovascular disease:

Coronary artery disease: Known as a heart attack or myocardial infarction, the plaque ruptures and causes blood clotting. Part or all of the heart muscle can die from a lack of oxygen. Before rupturing, the plaque is usually stable and may cause chest pain on exertion, known as angina.
Peripheral artery disease (PAD): Arteries in the brain that experience a rupture result in a stroke, which may lead to permanent brain damage. A temporary blockage can indicate the warning signs of stroke by causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). TIAs do not cause brain injury.
Cerebrovascular disease: When the arteries in the leg become narrow, poor circulation occurs. This causes pain when walking, issues with the healing of wounds and, in severe cases, may require amputation of the affected limb.

Symptoms of Atherosclerosis

Symptoms are not usually noticeable until middle or old age, but once the blockage is severe and obstructs blood flow, the patient may experience pain. The most common symptom is pain on exertion, usually occurring in the chest or legs. The blockage may also rupture without any symptoms or warning signs. This can cause blood to clot within the artery, which can lead to a stroke if the clot reaches the brain, or a heart attack if the clot reaches the heart.

How to Prevent Atherosclerosis

Controlling some risk factors, such as not smoking, eating a balanced diet, and maintaining a level of physical activity can help reduce the odds of developing atherosclerosis. Here is a full list of common risk factors that can be managed by making lifestyle changes:

Smoking
High cholesterol
High blood pressure
Stress
Diabetes
Abdominal obesity
Diet that is lacking sufficient intake of fruits and vegetables
High alcohol intake (excess of one drink per day for women, and one or two drinks per day for men)
Physical inactivity

Some factors cannot be controlled, such as family history and age. Most treatment options will prioritize lifestyle changes to prevent further narrowing of the arteries. Medicine may also be prescribed and medical procedures may be performed to help treat the condition. If you have a family history of heart disease or are seeking preventative care, Mile High Vascular can help. Offering fast, friendly, and accurate diagnostic testing, preventative care, and treatment, our team can help you live a long and healthy life. Heart disease is a common health problem, but it can be managed by taking the right steps and seeking the proper care.

Cardiac catheterization

A minimally invasive procedure performed using wires, catheters and xray (angiogram) to diagnose and treat problems in the blood vessels of the heart.

Cardiac Catheterization – What Is It?

Cardiac catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure that is performed by using wires, catheters, and x-ray (angiogram) to diagnose and treat problems in the blood vessels of the heart.

How the Procedure Works

A long, thin tube called a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the arm, groin, or neck and is then threaded through the blood vessels of the heart. The procedure is performed in a hospital by a cardiologist and takes approximately one hour to complete. Patients are awake during the procedure but will feel little to no pain and may be given medication to help them relax.

What to Expect

Before the procedure, patients will receive instructions about what to eat or drink. On the day of the procedure, they will receive an IV with a mild sedative. This will aid with relaxation without causing them to lose consciousness. The area where the catheter is inserted will be cleaned and shaven by a nurse, and then numbed using a local anesthetic. The doctor will use a needle to puncture the skin and access a large blood vessel. A sheath will be inserted into the vessel before the doctor inserts the catheter. Once it is threaded through, the catheter’s position will be visible on a video screen. While it is possible that patients may feel some pressure at the insertion site, no pain should be experienced.

Different instruments may be placed on the tip of the catheter, depending on the type of test or procedure being administered. Once completed, the doctor will remove the catheter and sheath. A special closure device may be used and the nurse will apply pressure to the site to limit bleeding. Patients should have someone available to drive them home afterwards.

Why is Cardiac Catheterization Done?

The procedure is done to diagnose or treat cardiovascular conditions. The test performed during the procedure will determine if there are any diseases in the heart’s muscle tissue, valves, or arteries. In addition, an accurate reading of the pressure and blood flow of the heart can be taken.

Types of Tests or Procedures Administered with Cardiac Catheterization

Dye test: The catheter may contain a special type of dye that travels through the bloodstream to the heart, making the coronary arteries visible in x-rays. This will help determine if there is plaque buildup.
Ultrasound: During the cardiac catheterization, the doctor may use an ultrasound to get a detailed image of the arteries.
Sample retrieval: The procedure may be completed to take blood samples, which can be measured to read the oxygen levels in each heart chamber. Heart tissue samples may also be taken to study under a microscope, a process known as a biopsy.
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI): A minor surgical procedure may be completed that is similar to angioplasty, where stenting is used to open narrow or blocked coronary arteries.
Coronary angioplasty: This is a minor procedure similar to PCI, where arteries are opened using a balloon.
Chamber tests: Tests may be performed to determine the pressure within the four chambers of the heart, gauge the contraction ability of the pumping chambers, or identify any defects.
Valvuloplasty: The catheter may be used to widen a narrow heart valve opening.

What are the Risks?

There is very little recovery time and low risk of any complications from a cardiac catheterization. Some patients may experience bruising or discomfort at the site where the catheter was inserted. It is rare, and usually not serious, but some patients may also experience an allergic reaction to the dye that is used to make arteries visible in x-rays.

At Mile High Vascular, we use cardiac catheterization to help diagnose and treat patients who are suffering from a blockage or narrowing of the arteries. Years of experience and commitment to using the newest technology for diagnostics enable our team to diagnose and treat patients with accuracy, speed, and efficiency. We pride ourselves on the high level of care and treatment options offered to patients for a variety of heart-related issues.

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Hardening of the arteries throughout the body, including the heart, and leads to narrowing and blockages.

Cardiac Catheterization – What Is It?

Cardiac catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure that is performed by using wires, catheters, and x-ray (angiogram) to diagnose and treat problems in the blood vessels of the heart.

How the Procedure Works

What to Expect

Why is Cardiac Catheterization Done?

Types of Tests or Procedures Administered with Cardiac Catheterization

Dye test: The catheter may contain a special type of dye that travels through the bloodstream to the heart, making the coronary arteries visible in x-rays. This will help determine if there is plaque buildup.
Ultrasound: During the cardiac catheterization, the doctor may use an ultrasound to get a detailed image of the arteries.
Sample retrieval: The procedure may be completed to take blood samples, which can be measured to read the oxygen levels in each heart chamber. Heart tissue samples may also be taken to study under a microscope, a process known as a biopsy.
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI): A minor surgical procedure may be completed that is similar to angioplasty, where stenting is used to open narrow or blocked coronary arteries.
Coronary angioplasty: This is a minor procedure similar to PCI, where arteries are opened using a balloon.
Chamber tests: Tests may be performed to determine the pressure within the four chambers of the heart, gauge the contraction ability of the pumping chambers, or identify any defects.
Valvuloplasty: The catheter may be used to widen a narrow heart valve opening.

What are the Risks?

Compression Stockings

Pressurized socks or hose which support the venous system to relieve leg swelling and/or discomfort.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

The hardening (atherosclerosis) of the coronary arteries which feed the heart.

What is Coronary Artery Disease?

Coronary artery disease, also known as coronary heart disease, is the most common type of heart disease in the U.S. It occurs when the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become hardened and narrowed due to the buildup of cholesterol and other material, known as plaque, on their inner walls. This can reduce blood flow to the heart, leading to chest pain, shortness of breath, and other symptoms, and can result in a heart attack if blood flow becomes blocked.

Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease

Understanding the risk factors for CAD is crucial for prevention and early intervention. Major risk factors include:

Age: Older adults are at higher risk.
Sex: Men generally have a higher risk of coronary artery disease, although the risk for women increases and can surpass that of men after menopause.
Family History: A family history of heart disease increases your risk.
Smoking: Smokers are at a significantly higher risk than non-smokers.
High Blood Pressure and High Cholesterol: Both conditions can contribute to the development of plaque buildup.
Diabetes: Significantly increases the risk of CAD.
Obesity: Excess body fat, especially around the waist, increases the risk of heart disease.
Physical Inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle is a known risk factor for CAD.
Unhealthy Diet: Diets high in saturated fats, trans fats, salt, and sugar can increase the risk.

Residents of Denver Metro area can manage these risks by adopting healthier lifestyles, including diet, exercise, and smoking cessation programs available in our community.

Diagnostic Tests for Coronary Artery Disease

Early and accurate diagnosis of coronary artery disease involves several key tests:

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): This test records the electrical activity of the heart and can help identify irregularities in heart rhythm and structure.
Stress Testing: This test involves exercising on a treadmill or stationary bike while heart activity is monitored. It can help determine how well your heart handles work and if there is adequate blood flow.
Echocardiogram: This ultrasound test creates images of the heart’s chambers and valves, assessing heart function and structure.
Coronary Angiography and Cardiac Catheterization: A specialized dye is injected into the coronary arteries to make them visible on X-rays, identifying areas of blockage.
CT Coronary Angiogram: An advanced imaging test that provides detailed pictures of the heart and its blood vessels.
Blood Tests: To check levels of fats, cholesterol, sugar, and proteins in your blood.

Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease

Treatment for CAD focuses on symptom management and reducing the risk of further complications like heart attacks. Treatment strategies include:

Lifestyle Changes: Diet modifications, increased physical activity, and smoking cessation.
Medications: Drugs to lower cholesterol, manage blood pressure, prevent clot formation, and control blood sugar.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), including Angioplasty and Stent Placement: This procedure opens blocked arteries and restores blood flow.
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG): A surgical procedure that creates a new route for blood to flow to the heart.
Cardiac Rehabilitation: A comprehensive program that helps improve the health and well-being of people who have heart problems.

By staying informed about coronary artery disease, recognizing the risk factors, undergoing appropriate tests, and adhering to treatment plans, Denver Metro residents can lead healthier lives and reduce their risk of serious heart-related events. If you have concerns about your heart health, please consult Mile High Vascular to discuss personalized strategies for managing and preventing coronary artery disease.

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A serious condition which consists of a clot in the deep venous system. It’s most concerning complication is a pulmonary embolus (PE) which is a clot that travels to the lungs.

What is Deep Venous Thrombosis?

Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) is a serious condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. This can cause pain, swelling, and redness in the affected area, and poses a significant health risk because the clot can dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism (PE), which can be fatal.

Risk Factors for Developing Deep Venous Thrombosis

Understanding the risk factors for DVT is essential for prevention and early detection. Factors that increase the risk of DVT include:

Immobility: Prolonged sitting or bed rest can slow down blood flow in the veins, increasing the risk of clotting.
Surgery: Especially surgeries that involve the legs, abdomen, or that require long periods of recovery.
Injury: Blood vessel damage from fractures or major surgeries can lead to clot formation.
Cancer: Some forms of cancer and chemotherapy treatments increase the risk of DVT.
Birth Control Pills or Hormone Replacement Therapy: These can increase the likelihood of clotting.
Pregnancy: The weight of the uterus can press on veins increasing the risk of clots, which continues up to six weeks postpartum.
Age: Risk increases as you age, particularly after 60.
Family History: A family history of DVT or clotting disorders increases risk.
Obesity: Excess weight increases the pressure on veins in the legs and pelvis.

What are the Symptoms of DVT?

Not everyone will experience symptoms; in fact, some individuals never experience any symptoms. Those that do, however, may complain of swelling in the affected leg or pain radiating from that leg that starts in the calf and feels like a soreness or severe cramping sensation.

Diagnostic Tests for Deep Venous Thrombosis

To accurately diagnose DVT, healthcare providers in Denver may use several tests:

D-dimer Test: A blood test that measures a substance released when a blood clot breaks up. High levels may indicate the presence of an abnormal clot.
Ultrasound: The most common test for diagnosing DVT, it uses sound waves to create images of blood flowing through the veins.
Venography: A dye is injected into a large vein in your foot or ankle, and an X-ray is taken to detect clots.
CT or MRI Scans: These imaging tests provide detailed images of the veins and may be used if ultrasound results are inconclusive.

Treatment of Deep Venous Thrombosis

Treatment for DVT focuses on preventing the clot from getting bigger and preventing it from breaking loose and causing a pulmonary embolism. Treatment options in Denver include:

Anticoagulants (Blood Thinners): Medications such as warfarin or heparin are commonly used to prevent clotting.
Thrombolytics: These drugs, used in more severe cases, can break up clots quickly.
Compression Stockings: These help prevent swelling associated with DVT and lower the chance of developing post-thrombotic syndrome.
Filters: In some cases, a filter may be inserted into the vena cava (a large vein) to prevent clots from traveling to the lungs.

Treatment plans may vary based on the individual’s overall health, risk factors, and the location of the blood clot.

If you are dealing with or at risk for DVT, you can access a range of treatment options and specialized care through Mile High Vascular. By understanding and managing risk factors, undergoing appropriate diagnostic tests, and adhering to personalized treatment plans, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of complications associated with DVT.

Endovenous Ablation

Endovenous ablation, also referred to as endovenous thermal ablation, is a minimally invasive treatment for varicose veins using an energy source such as radio-waves or laser.

What is Vein Ablation?

Endovenous ablation, also referred to as endovenous thermal ablation, is a minimally invasive treatment for varicose veins. It utilizes high-frequency radio waves or a laser source to generate localized, intensive heat inside the problem vein. The heat is targeted through a catheter. It closes off varicose veins, but leaves them where they are to minimize bleeding and bruising. Most patients prefer endovenous ablation to other treatments because there is minimal pain and recovery.

Preparing for Your Procedure

Your venous expert will do a few tests before the procedure to ensure you are in good health to complete it. Some medications may need to be avoided for several days or weeks before the procedure. In most cases, there is little preparation required for your appointment, but if there is, your vein expert will provide you with instructions that must be followed.

What to Expect During the Procedure

Only a local anesthetic is used during the procedure – so you will be awake. In some severe cases, you may need general anesthesia or a sedative. The specialist will then use an ultrasound to locate the veins so that the catheter can be inserted into them. Most times this insertion is done just below the knee. A solution of salt and anesthetic is then injected into the vein that will be treated. Then, the ablation will be performed.

Immediately following the procedure, your interventionalist will apply a bandage and possibly a compression stocking. Most endovenous procedures last one to two hours, but they are done as an outpatient procedure – so you will be able to go home the same day.

What to Expect After Your Procedure

After a few hours, you will be able to go home. Total recovery time averages from one to two weeks, so you will need to take it easy from activities, including work. Bruising and slight swelling could occur in the treated areas. If you have pain, it should be mild and an over-the-counter pain reliever will relieve that pain. In some cases, your legs may appear better immediately after, but for other patients it could take a few weeks for the varicose veins to dissipate.

Aftercare Instructions

You will be given specific aftercare instructions by your specialist, but some common care tips will include:

Wearing your bandages and any compression stockings as prescribed
Taking time to elevate your legs throughout the day to promote blood flow
Taking a walk (mild walk) each day
Avoiding heavy lifting, intense activity, or even high-impact exercise for a minimum of seven days and up to 14 days
Start to return to normal activities as soon as you can and avoid long periods of sitting or resting
Do not enter hot tubs, saunas, or other hot environments until instructed by your physician
Do not fly or travel until cleared by your physician

Understanding the Risks and Complications

It is unlikely you will suffer from any severe complications, but there are some risks that you could face, including:

Infection: Because the skin’s surface is penetrated, you may need antibiotics to fight any infections.
Damage to the blood vessels: Because a catheter is inserted inside the vein, you could suffer from damage to the vessel, including bruising or bleeding.
Post-operative bruising or severe tenderness: This usually dissipates after the first couple of days and may be relieved just by wearing compression stockings.
Thermal heat damage: This is a very rare risk after endovenous ablation and often resolves itself in a few days following the procedure.
Inflammation of the vein, also referred to as thrombophlebitis: You will notice redness over the treated area, but NSAIDs or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can help reduce this.

IVC Filter

A metal structure that is placed within the inferior vena cava, the major vein in the body, during a minimally invasive procedure in order to prevent harmful clots from traveling to the lungs.

What is an Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filter? How Does it Work?

An inferior vena cava (IVC) filter is a mechanical device that helps prevent blood clots from moving across the legs or pelvis into the heart or lungs. The inferior vena cava is the lower of the two large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle part of your body to the right chamber or atrium of your heart. A blockage of this vein is considered life-threatening and must be treated immediately.

Though some smaller blood clots do not pose much risk, a larger blood clot traveling to the lung can result in chest pain, breathing difficulty, a heart attack, and long-term heart issues. The filter traps the blood clot until the body is able to dissolve it. Patients at risk of developing blood clots may be required to take blood-thinning medication as well as have the IVC filter implanted.

How to Prepare for an IVC Filter?

The insertion of an IVC filter involves a medical procedure. It is likely that you will be asked to have a light breakfast or to go without food or liquid prior to the procedure. You may be required to take blood tests to determine if you have any kidney or blood-related problems. Unless otherwise mentioned by your doctor, you should continue taking your blood-thinning medication before undergoing the procedure.

Types of IVC Filters

There are two types of IVC filters: permanent and retrievable. Your doctor will determine which type of filter is best suited to your needs.

Permanent filters: Left in place in the inferior vena cava in your body. They are placed in patients that have complications with anticoagulation medications or patients who are elderly.
Retrievable filters: Can be removed once the risk of blood clotting has decreased. They are placed in patients that only have a temporary risk of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE), have temporary bleeding problems, or are required to stop taking their anticoagulation medications for surgery.

How is the Procedure Performed?

Trained medical staff administer sedative medication and the procedure is performed comfortably and safely. It can take up to 30 minutes and the patient is monitored continuously during this time with advanced equipment.

The IVC filter will be placed through the groin or neck to reach the venous system.
An anesthetic will be injected into the skin to numb the area and prevent pain.
A catheter (a thin plastic tube) is then placed into the vein (inferior vena cava) for inserting the filter.
An injection of a liquid dye will enable the vein to show up clearly on the X-ray image to ensure the filter is placed accurately, the filter and vein size are compatible, and there is no existing clot in the area.
Once the filter is inserted, the catheter is removed from the groin or neck.
Light pressure on the skin site for 2-5 minutes will help to stop the bleeding.

What are the Benefits of an IVC Filter?

IVC filters are beneficial in preventing blood clots in the lungs and heart. No surgical incision is necessary—only a small incision in the skin which does not require stitches. The filter has a high success rate of protecting patients from serious Pulmonary Embolus (PE), a blockage in a lung artery caused by a blood clot in the leg that travels through the bloodstream to the lung.

Are there Any Risks Associated with an IVC Filter?

Implanting an IVC filter is a safe procedure. Allergic reactions to the liquid dye are rare. There is less than a 1% chance of the filter insertion resulting in a collapsed lung, which may require a chest tube and longer hospitalization time. Other risks, though not common, may include:

Movement of the filter
Breakage of the filter
Infection of the filter
Parts of the filter penetrating through the wall of the vein
Blockage of the vein if the filter has been in there for a very long time or if it captures very big clots. This may result in higher rates of blood clots in the legs, varicose veins, leg pain or ulceration (a slow healing sore on the skin).

The risks are greater if the filter is in place for a long period of time, which is dependent on how severe the chance of a blood clot is. Patients with filters who experience abdominal pain or shortness of breath should seek urgent medical attention.

Our team at Mile High Vascular can help determine if you are in need of an IVC filter to prevent serious medical conditions related to blood clots. Using the latest technology, our trained professionals can quickly diagnose and treat patients with a high level of preventative care and treatment services.

May-Thurner Syndrome

May-Thurner syndrome occurs when the main vein draining blood from the left leg, called the left common iliac vein, becomes narrowed by an overlying structure (such as the iliac artery) or scar tissue in the pelvis.

What is May-Thurner Syndrome?

May-Thurner Syndrome (MTS), also known as iliac vein compression syndrome, is a condition where the right iliac artery compresses the left iliac vein against the spine. This compression can cause the vein to narrow and lead to the development of blood clots in the left leg, known as deep venous thrombosis (DVT). These clots can cause leg pain, swelling, and increase the risk of pulmonary embolism.

Risk Factors for Developing May-Thurner Syndrome

MTS is more common in certain populations, and understanding these risk factors can help in early identification and management:

Gender: Women are more likely to develop MTS, especially those between the ages of 20 and 50.
Anatomy: Individuals with anatomical variations in the position of their iliac artery over the vein are at higher risk.
Prolonged Sitting or Standing: This can exacerbate the compression of the left iliac vein.
Pregnancy: The expanding uterus can increase pressure on the veins, worsening the compression.
History of DVT: Those with a history of deep vein thrombosis in the left leg are more likely to have MTS.

How May-Thurner Syndrome is Diagnosed

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of patient history, physical examination, and imaging studies. The gold standard for diagnosing MTS is a venogram with IVUS, as these provide definitive evidence of anatomical compression and the degree of vein narrowing.

Diagnostic Tests for May-Thurner Syndrome

Diagnosing May-Thurner Syndrome involves several steps and tests to confirm the presence of vein compression and assess the extent of any vascular damage:

Ultrasound: Initial test to check for signs of DVT.
CT Venography or MR Venography: These imaging tests provide detailed images of the pelvic veins and can show if the left iliac vein is compressed.
Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS): This can be used during a venogram for a more detailed view of the venous anatomy and to confirm the compression.
Venography: Direct imaging of the veins through contrast dye, which can show the area of compression and any resulting vein abnormalities.

Treatment of May-Thurner Syndrome

Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, reduce the risk of DVT, and restore normal blood flow in the affected vein:

Anticoagulation Therapy: To prevent further clotting and manage existing DVT.
Stenting: This is the primary treatment for MTS and involves placing a stent in the compressed vein to keep it open and ensure proper blood flow.
Compression Stockings: To help reduce swelling and pain in the affected leg.
Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis: In cases with significant DVT, this procedure may be used to dissolve blood clots.

Ongoing monitoring and follow-up care are essential for managing MTS, as symptoms can recur, and long-term management may be needed to prevent complications.

Understanding May-Thurner Syndrome is crucial for individuals who are at risk or are experiencing symptoms. If you suspect you might have MTS or are experiencing unexplained leg swelling or pain, consult one of our Mile High Vascular specialists. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to managing this condition effectively.

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Hardening of the arteries of the arms and legs which leads to narrowing and blockages of these arteries. Symptoms of PAD include pain and fatigue.

What is Peripheral Arterial Disease?

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is a condition characterized by the narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup, which reduces blood flow to the limbs, usually the legs. This can lead to symptoms such as leg pain when walking, coldness in the lower leg or foot, and even more severe complications like ulcers or gangrene, potentially leading to limb amputation if untreated.

Risk Factors for Developing Peripheral Arterial Disease

Several factors increase the risk of developing PAD, making some individuals more susceptible than others:

Age: The risk increases with age, particularly after 65.
Smoking: Smoking or a history of smoking accelerates the development of PAD more than any other risk factor.
Diabetes: People with diabetes are at a higher risk due to the associated damage to blood vessels.
High Blood Pressure: This condition contributes to the hardening and narrowing of arteries.
High Cholesterol: High levels of cholesterol contribute to plaque buildup in arteries.
Family History of PAD, Heart Disease, or Stroke: Genetic factors can play a significant role.
Obesity: A body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater increases the risk.
Sedentary Lifestyle: Lack of exercise contributes to poor blood circulation and overall health.

Diagnostic Tests for Peripheral Arterial Disease

Several tests are employed to diagnose PAD effectively:

Physical Examination: Including checking for weak pulses in the legs.
Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI): The most common initial test for PAD, which compares the blood pressure in the ankle with the blood pressure in the arm.
Ultrasound: Duplex ultrasonography is used to visualize blood flow and identify blocked or narrowed arteries.
Angiography: Using contrast dye injected into the blood vessels, which is visible on X-rays, CT angiography, or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to provide detailed images of blood flow and artery structure.
Blood Tests: Checking for high cholesterol and diabetes.

How Peripheral Arterial Disease is Diagnosed

PAD is diagnosed based on patient symptoms, risk factors, physical examination, and the results of diagnostic tests such as the ABI and imaging studies. A comprehensive evaluation helps determine the severity of the disease and guides treatment planning.

Symptoms of Peripheral Arterial Disease

Claudication: This is the most common symptom of PAD and involves muscle pain or cramping in the legs triggered by activity such as walking, which typically disappears after a few minutes of rest. The pain is often felt in the calf but can also occur in the buttocks, thighs, or feet.

Leg Numbness or Weakness: Beyond discomfort, there may be a noticeable weakness or numbness in the legs.
Coldness in the Lower Leg or Foot: This can occur particularly when compared with the other side.
Sores on Toes, Feet, or Legs that Won’t Heal: Persistent sores are a warning sign that the tissues are not receiving adequate blood.
Change in Color of the Legs: PAD can cause the skin on the legs to appear paler or take on a bluish tinge.
Hair Loss on the Feet and Legs: Reduced blood flow can cause hair loss or slower hair growth on the legs.
Slower Growth of Toenails: Similarly, reduced blood flow can affect toenail growth.
Shiny Skin on the Legs: Skin may appear shiny or tight due to reduced blood supply.
Erectile Dysfunction: Especially among men who have diabetes or other concurrent health issues.
Painful Walking: Known as claudication, which might be relieved by rest.
Rest Pain: In severe cases, pain occurs even at rest, often in the foot and toes, and is usually exacerbated by elevating the legs.

These symptoms can worsen over time and might lead to more severe complications if not properly managed. It’s crucial for individuals experiencing these symptoms, particularly if they are at risk for vascular diseases, to consult with a healthcare provider for appropriate diagnosis and management.

Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease

Treatment for PAD focuses on symptom management, improving quality of life, and preventing complications. Options include:

Lifestyle Changes: Smoking cessation, exercise, and dietary modifications are crucial.
Medications: Drugs to improve blood flow, lower cholesterol, and prevent blood clots.
Supervised Exercise Therapy: A structured exercise program that has been shown to be very effective in improving symptoms.
Angioplasty and Stenting: Minimally invasive procedures to open narrowed arteries and restore blood flow.
Bypass Surgery: Creating a graft bypass using a vessel from another part of the body or a synthetic fabric to allow blood to flow around the blocked or narrowed artery.
Critical Limb Ischemia Management: For severe cases, to prevent limb loss.

Treatment plans are tailored to individual needs based on the severity of symptoms and risk factor management.

This guide serves to enlighten and empower patients with knowledge about Peripheral Arterial Disease, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and comprehensive management to prevent serious health outcomes. If you suspect you may have PAD or are at risk, consult with a vascular specialist at Mile High Vascular to discuss the most effective strategies for your specific condition.

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that blocks and stops blood flow to an artery in the lung.

What is Pulmonary Embolism?

Pulmonary embolism is a condition that occurs when one or more arteries in the lungs become blocked by a blood clot. These clots usually originate in the deep veins of the legs or other parts of the body (a condition known as deep vein thrombosis) and travel to the lungs, where they can cause blockage. PE is a serious condition that can lead to significant illness, decreased oxygen levels in the blood, damage to lung tissue, and even death if not treated promptly.

What are the Risk Factors for Developing Pulmonary Embolism?

Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing a pulmonary embolism:

Prolonged Immobility: Such as being bedridden or long periods of sitting during travel.
Recent Surgery: Especially surgeries involving the legs, hips, or abdomen, which may increase the risk of clot formation.
Cancer: Some forms of cancer and chemotherapy can elevate the risk of blood clots.
Inherited Disorders: Certain genetic conditions that affect blood clotting can put individuals at higher risk.
Heart Disease: Including heart failure, which increases the risk of clot formation.
Previous History of DVT or PE: Having had either condition before significantly increases the risk of recurrence.
Pregnancy: The risk of clots is higher during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Smoking: Smoking affects blood clotting and circulation and increases the risk of PE.
Birth Control Pills or Hormone Replacement Therapy: These can increase the likelihood of clotting.

Understanding these risk factors is crucial for both prevention and early detection of pulmonary embolism.

Diagnostic Tests for Pulmonary Embolism

To diagnose a pulmonary embolism, the following tests are commonly performed:

D-dimer Test: A blood test that can detect pieces of clot breakdown products. A high level suggests the presence of a blood clot.
CT Pulmonary Angiography: The most common radiologic test that provides detailed images of the blood vessels in the lungs.
Ventilation-Perfusion Scan (V/Q scan): This test detects abnormalities in air and blood flow in the lungs.
Pulmonary Angiogram: A more invasive test involving the insertion of a catheter into a vein in your leg or arm and guided to the blood vessels in the lungs to inject a dye that makes the arteries visible on X-ray.
Ultrasound: Often used to check for deep vein thrombosis in the leg veins, which can be associated with PE.

Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism

Symptoms of pulmonary embolism can vary greatly, but common signs include:

Shortness of Breath: This can occur suddenly and worsen with exertion.
Chest Pain: You may feel like you’re having a heart attack. The pain may become worse when you breathe deeply, cough, eat, or bend.
Cough: The cough may produce bloody or blood-streaked sputum.
Leg Pain or Swelling: Often in the calf, which may suggest a DVT.
Other Symptoms: Sweating, wheezing, light-headedness, or passing out.

Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism

Treatment aims to stop the clot from getting bigger and prevent new clots from forming:

Anticoagulants: Also known as blood thinners, these are the most common medications used to treat PE.
Thrombolytics: These drugs, also known as clot busters, are used in life-threatening situations to quickly dissolve the clot.
Compression Stockings: To prevent swelling associated with the condition and lower the risk of developing more clots.
Surgery or Catheter-based Procedures: In severe cases, surgical removal of the clot or insertion of a filter in the vena cava may be required to prevent clots from traveling to the lungs.

Timely treatment is crucial in managing pulmonary embolism to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes. If you experience symptoms of PE, seek immediate medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improve the prognosis for people with PE. For more information or to schedule an evaluation, please contact our specialists. We are committed to providing you with the highest standard of care.

Sclerotherapy

Sclerotherapy is an effective treatment for spider and varicose veins. It is the treatment of choice for most vein experts.

What is Sclerotherapy?

Sclerotherapy is a minimally invasive treatment that involves injecting a solution directly into the veins that causes them to scar and collapse, forcing blood to reroute through healthier veins. The collapsed vein is eventually absorbed into local tissue and fades over time. This procedure is primarily used to treat varicose and spider veins improving the aesthetic appearance of your legs and can also help reduce related symptoms such as aching, swelling, and burning.

Risk Factors for Undergoing Sclerotherapy

While sclerotherapy is generally safe, it’s important to understand both short-term and long-term risks associated with the procedure:

Short-term risks include:

Bruising and pain at the injection site.
Allergic reactions to the sclerosant used.
Skin discoloration around the treatment area.
Blood clots or formation of air bubbles in the bloodstream.
Inflammation within treated veins.

Long-term risks include:

Neovascularization: the development of new, tiny blood vessels at the site of sclerotherapy, which can appear as a network of fine red veins.
Skin ulceration around the site of injection, although rare.
Permanent changes in skin color over treated veins.

Patients with a history of blood clotting disorders, pregnant women, and individuals who cannot walk or move around easily are often advised against sclerotherapy.

Description of the Sclerotherapy Procedure

The sclerotherapy procedure typically includes the following steps:

Preparation:

The area to be treated is cleansed with an antiseptic, and then marked while the patient is standing.

Injection:

The doctor injects a sclerosing agent directly into the affected veins using a fine needle. The solution irritates the lining of the vein, causing it to collapse.

Compression:

After the injection, compression is applied to the area to keep blood out of the injected vessel and disperse the solution.

Duration:

The procedure usually takes about 30 minutes, depending on the number of veins treated.

Patients may need multiple sessions depending on the extent and size of the veins treated.

What to Expect After the Procedure

After sclerotherapy, you can expect:

Immediate Activity:

Most patients can walk immediately after the procedure. Walking and moving around may help prevent blood clots from forming.

Compression Stockings:

You may be required to wear compression stockings for several days to several weeks to maintain compression on the treated veins.

Follow-Up:

Follow-up visits are necessary to check the effectiveness of the procedure and decide if more sessions are needed.

Results:

Most spider veins respond to sclerotherapy within three to six weeks, while larger veins may take three to four months. Treated veins generally don’t reappear, but new veins may appear.

Sclerotherapy is a proven and effective treatment for reducing or eliminating varicose and spider veins, with many patients experiencing significant improvement in appearance and symptoms. If you’re considering sclerotherapy, it’s important to consult with a vascular specialist who can evaluate your suitability for the procedure and explain the potential outcomes and any associated risks.

For more information or to schedule a consultation, please contact Mile High Vascular. Our team is dedicated to providing you with the highest quality care and supporting you through each step of your treatment journey.

Stent

A supportive, cylindrical structure that is placed within a vessel during a minimally invasive procedure (angiogram) to help keep the vessel open.

What is a Stent?

A stent is a small expandable tube that is inserted in a weak or narrow artery to improve blood flow. It may also be used in other hollow areas of the body including the urinary tube. Stents are either made of a metal or plastic mesh or fabric. Fabric stents (also known as stent grafts) are used in larger arteries. Some stents may also be coated with medicine which is slowly released into the arteries to prevent them from being blocked again.

What are Stents Used for?

Stents help arteries and blood vessels to stay open and prevent cardiac arrest as in coronary artery disease. They are also used to treat a variety of other conditions including:

Carotid artery disease
Peripheral artery disease
Renal artery narrowing
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Thoracic aortic aneurysm

Stents may also be inserted in the arteries to the kidneys as blockages here can affect kidney function. They are sometimes used for arteries in the limbs of patients with peripheral artery disease (P.A.D.), a condition in which severe arterial narrowing can cut off blood flow and result in the patient requiring surgery.

As mentioned earlier, stents are also used in other areas of the body such as to hold open a damaged or blocked ureter, bile ducts or airways.

How Is a Heart Stent Done?

A stent becomes a permanent part of your artery or any other area where it is inserted. Here is what a typical stenting process involves:

A small incision is then made in your groin, arm, or neck for the stent to enter your body.
The physician inserts a balloon catheter (a small plastic tube with a balloon on the tip) into the incision and guides it to the blocked artery using X-ray and X-ray dye.
The balloon is inflated to open up the blockage.
A stent is then guided to the site and inserted to keep the blocked area open.
Once the stent is in place, the balloon catheter is deflated and removed.
More than one stent may be used depending on the extent of the blockage.

Advantages of Using a Stent

A stent may eliminate the need for a coronary bypass surgery. It is a minimally invasive alternative to coronary artery bypass grafting and has a faster recovery period as well. Patients are able to leave the hospital in a day and can quickly return to their normal activities when compared to the typical six-week recommended recovery after a bypass surgery. Most patients do not require general anesthesia for this procedure.

It is important to understand that although a stent can bring about a significant improvement in your condition, it is not a cure for heart disease. You will still need to monitor and manage other health conditions, if any, and maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Our team at Mile High Vascular can help determine if you or a loved one will need or benefit from stents. We offer state-of-the-art vascular technology and treatments in multiple locations to help improve your quality of life. All patients are assessed, diagnosed and treated by our vascular experts who provide the highest level of healthcare.

Vascular Disease

A broad term for issues involving arteries, veins or the lymphatic system.

What is Vascular Disease?

Vascular disease encompasses any condition that affects the network of blood vessels in your body. This includes diseases of the arteries, veins, and lymph vessels, as well as blood disorders that affect circulation. The most common types of vascular diseases include peripheral arterial disease (PAD), aneurysms, carotid artery disease, varicose veins, and venous thromboembolism.

What are Vascular Diseases?

Vascular diseases involve the narrowing, blockage, or enlargement of the blood vessels outside of the heart and brain, leading to inadequate blood flow to tissues, which can cause organ damage and other serious complications. Conditions such as atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) or deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are examples that illustrate how vascular diseases can manifest and affect health.

Risk Factors for Developing Vascular Disease

Several factors increase the risk of developing vascular diseases, including:

Age: Older individuals are at higher risk.
Family History: A family history of vascular or heart diseases increases risk.
Smoking: Tobacco use significantly accelerates the formation of atherosclerosis and increases risks.
Obesity: Excess weight strains the heart and vessels.
Sedentary Lifestyle: Lack of physical activity contributes to poor vascular health.
High Blood Pressure: This can damage blood vessel walls.
High Cholesterol: High levels of LDL cholesterol contribute to plaque buildup in arteries.
Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels over time.
Gender: Men are generally at higher risk at younger ages, but the risk for women increases and may surpass that of men after menopause.

Individuals with these risk factors should consider regular health check-ups and lifestyle adjustments to mitigate risk.

Diagnostic Tests for Vascular Disease

The following diagnostic tests are commonly used to identify and evaluate vascular diseases:

Blood Tests: To check for high cholesterol, diabetes, and markers of inflammation.
Ultrasound: Often the first test done for diagnosing vascular diseases like peripheral arterial disease and aneurysms.
CT Scan and MRI: Provide detailed images of the body’s blood vessels and help in identifying blockages and abnormalities.
Angiography: Using contrast dye to view blood flow through the arteries to detect blockages or narrow areas.
Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI): A simple test for PAD that compares the blood pressure in the ankle with the blood pressure in the arm.

Symptoms of Vascular Disease

Symptoms vary depending on the specific type of vascular disease but may include:

Pain or cramping in the legs, particularly with exercise (claudication)
Swelling in the legs or feet
Changes in skin color, such as paleness or blueness
Sores on the feet or legs that do not heal
Cold extremities
Changes in pulse strength in the limbs
Sudden severe headaches, difficulty speaking or seeing (potential signs of carotid artery disease leading to a stroke)

Treatment of Vascular Disease

Treatment depends on the specific type and severity of the disease:

Lifestyle Changes: Diet, exercise, and smoking cessation are crucial.
Medications: To manage symptoms, treat underlying conditions such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, or blood clots.
Minimally Invasive Procedures: Such as angioplasty, stent placement, or thrombolytic therapy.
Surgical Procedures: Bypass surgery or surgical removal of atherosclerotic plaque might be necessary in severe cases.

If you or someone you know is at risk or experiencing symptoms of vascular disease, consult with one of our Mile High Vascular providers who can offer a personalized assessment and appropriate treatment options. Together, you can work towards maintaining and improving your vascular health.

Venogram

A venogram, also known as venography, is an x-ray exam that is performed to examine the health of the veins — typically in your legs or pelvis.

What is Venography?

Venography, also known as phlebography, is a diagnostic test that involves injecting a contrast dye into a large vein and taking X-ray images to visualize the condition of your veins. This procedure helps detect abnormalities such as blockages, blood clots, and damaged valves within the venous system.

Risk Factors for Undergoing Venography

While venography is a valuable diagnostic tool, there are several risks associated with the procedure that patients should be aware of:

Short-term risks include:

Allergic reactions to the contrast dye, which can range from mild itching or rash to severe responses such as anaphylaxis.
Infection at the injection site.
Vein damage which could potentially lead to thrombosis (blood clots) in rare cases.
Nephropathy induced by contrast dye, particularly in patients with pre-existing kidney issues.

Long-term risks include:

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), though rare, can occur after the procedure.
Chronic venous insufficiency if the vein is significantly damaged during the procedure.

Patients with known allergies to iodine or contrast materials, kidney disease, or severe diabetes should discuss potential risks with their healthcare provider prior to undergoing venography.

Description of the Venography Procedure

The venography procedure typically involves the following steps:

Preparation: You may be asked to wear a hospital gown and remove any metal objects to prepare for the X-ray.
Positioning: Depending on which veins are being examined, you may need to lie down on an X-ray table.
Contrast Injection: A local anesthetic is often applied before a small catheter is inserted into a vein in your foot or hand. A contrast dye is then injected through the catheter.
Imaging: X-rays are taken as the contrast dye moves through your veins, providing clear images of your venous system.
Completion: After the X-rays are taken, the catheter is removed, and pressure is applied to the injection site to prevent bleeding.

What is Venography Used For?

Venography is primarily used to diagnose conditions affecting the venous system, including:

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Identifying clots in the deeper veins which could lead to serious complications if not treated.
Varicose Veins: Assessing the extent and severity of varicose veins.
Venous Insufficiency: Evaluating the function of vein valves, especially in patients with chronic leg swelling.
Congenital Venous Anomalies: Detecting unusual venous formations that may require intervention.

What to Expect After the Procedure

Post-venography, patients can typically expect:

Immediate Recovery: You can usually resume normal activities shortly after the procedure, although you might be advised to avoid strenuous activity for a day or two.
Monitoring: Keep an eye on the injection site for any signs of infection or complications. Mild bruising is normal but should fade within a few days.
Hydration: Drinking plenty of fluids will help flush the contrast dye from your body.
Results: The results of your venography will be analyzed by your doctor, who will discuss them with you during a follow-up appointment. This discussion will include potential treatments or further diagnostic tests if any abnormalities are found.

Venography provides crucial information that helps in the accurate diagnosis and treatment planning of venous disorders. If you have concerns about your vein health or require further clarification on venography, please do not hesitate to contact our office. Our dedicated team is here to ensure that you receive the care and information you need to manage your vascular health effectively.

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